Brick Project - KMSB Batu-bata Kembang Maju Batu-bata Sdn Bhd

safido interlocking brick machine

2010-08-25T10:47:00.001+08:00

sandlime/flyash brick making machine

2009-02-05T11:57:00.001+08:00

clay brick machinery product best brick line dryer

2008-12-18T12:49:00.001+08:00

How to Build a Gravity Wall

2008-10-30T22:37:00.003+08:00

How to Build a Geogrid Reinforced Retaining Wall

2008-10-30T22:37:00.001+08:00

2135 sq ft Adobe / Earth Block home in Colorado

2008-10-30T22:36:00.001+08:00

Brick Pic

2008-10-09T20:46:00.002+08:00

brick pic - Upload a Document to Scribd

NKMG Brick Album

2008-05-21T14:48:00.000+08:00

NKMG - Upload a doc

mixing machine เครื่องผสม

2008-02-14T17:13:00.001+08:00

hydrulic press machine

2008-02-14T17:12:00.001+08:00

hydrulic press machine#2 locking block เครื่องอัดบล็อก

2008-02-14T17:11:00.001+08:00

handpressmachine locking block เครื่องอัดบล็อกประสาน

2008-02-14T17:08:00.001+08:00

grinding pulverizer Machine เครื่องบด ตี ดินลูกรัง

2008-02-14T17:07:00.001+08:00

Locking Block บล็อกประสาน

2008-02-14T17:01:00.001+08:00

grain เครื่องร่อนทราย

2008-02-14T16:58:00.001+08:00

hydrulic press machine#3 Half blockเครื่องอัดบล็อกประสาน

2008-02-14T16:36:00.001+08:00

Learning brick making by hand with solar, natural gas drying

2008-02-14T15:49:00.001+08:00

Environmental friendly

Samplke soil - sand for brick making

2008-02-14T15:41:00.000+08:00

NKMG - Brick Factory

2008-02-14T15:39:00.000+08:00

making bricks quickly

2008-02-14T14:43:00.001+08:00

Ladrisur

2008-02-14T14:27:00.001+08:00

Brick making

Brick making - Semi

2008-01-18T18:23:00.000+08:00

Find more videos like this on www.truveo.com.

Brick Making In Macha

2008-01-16T17:45:00.001+08:00

Brick production - FINAG - Croatia

2008-01-16T17:43:00.001+08:00

Lean Manufacturing Training Sample TPSmethods.com

2008-01-16T15:53:00.001+08:00

The Toyota Way

2008-01-16T15:14:00.001+08:00

Manufacturing technique

Grant for Enhancing Marketing Skills of SMEs

2007-12-10T10:27:00.001+08:00

Financial Assistance
Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC):
Grant for Enhancing Marketing Skills of SMEs

Objective
To provide assistance to SMEs to enhance their employees' marketing skills through short-term courses in areas such as marketing strategies and planning, pricing, distribution, development of brand, merchandising and customer services, thus enabling SMEs to compete in domestic and export market.

Eligibility criteria

Business enterprise based on the definition of SMEs [Link];

Companies incorporated under the Companies Act 1965 (CA1965) or businesses incorporated under the Registration of Business Ordinance 1956 (RBO1956);

At least 60% of equity are held by Malaysians;and

Possess valid premise license

Eligible sector / Types of financing

Manufacturing and Manufacturing related services; and

Services (excluding insurance and financial services)

Type of assistance / Form of financing
Assistance is given in the form of a matching grant where 50% of the cost of training is borne by the Government and the remainder by the applicant. For enterprise in the manufacturing sector, businesses incorporated under RBO1956, may eligible up to 80 percent of the approved costs.

Eligible expenses
Sales performance Training
Customer Services Training
Marketing

Application procedure
Applications to be submitted to SMIDEC.

Contact
Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC)
Aras 20, West Wing Menara MATRADE
Jalan Khidmat Usaha
Off, Jalan Duta, 50480 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 03-6207 6000
Fax: 03-6201 6564
Website: www.smidec.gov.my

or

Institute Global Management
Tel : 03-80240060
Fax: 03-80240086
Website: www.igm.edu.my

Matching Grant for Business Start-ups

2007-12-10T10:26:00.001+08:00

Financial Assistance
Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC):
Matching Grant for Business Start-ups

Objective
To provide assistance in the form of matching grant to start up a business in the following sectors:
Manufacturing and Manufacturing related services; and
Services (excluding insurance and financial services)

Eligibility criteria

Business enterprise based on the definition of SMEs [Link];

Companies incorporated under the Companies Act 1965 (CA1965) or businesses incorporated under the Registration of Business Ordinance 1956 (RBO1956);

At least 60% of equity are held by Malaysians;and

Possess valid premise license

Type of assistance / Form of financing
The maximum grant allocated per company is RM40,000 whereby 50% of the total project cost is borne by the Government and the balance is borne by the applicant. For businesses in the manufacturing under RBO1956, may eligible for assistance up to 80% of the approved cost.

Eligible expenses
Expenses incurred directly in staring up a business which include among others carrying out feasibility studies, rental of equipment, development of prototype and product sampling and testing etc.

Priority sectors
Manufacturing or intend to manufacture product(s) or involve in activities or services related to manufacturing promoted under the Promotion of Investment Act (PIA) 1986, to companies participate in the Industrial Linkage Programme (ILP)

Application procedure
Applications to be submitted to SMIDEC.

Contact
Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC)
Aras 20, West Wing Menara MATRADE
Jalan Khidmat Usaha
Off, Jalan Duta, 50480 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 03-6207 6000
Fax: 03-6201 6564
Website: www.smidec.gov.my

Matching Grant for Certification and Quality Management System

2007-12-10T10:25:00.001+08:00

Financial Assistance
Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC):
Matching Grant for Certification and Quality Management System

Objective
To provide assistance in the form of matching grant to obtain Certification and Quality Management System by SMEs involve in the following sector:
Manufacturing and Manufacturing related services; and
Services (excluding insurance and financial services)

Eligibility criteria

Business enterprise based on the definition of SMEs [Link]

Companies incorporated under the Companies Act 1965 (CA1965) or businesses incorporated under the Registration of Business Ordinance 1956 (RBO1956);

At least 60% of equity are held by Malaysians;and

Possess valid premise license

Type of assistance / Form of financing
The maximum grant allocated per company is RM250,000 where 50% of the project cost is borne by the Government and the remainder is borne by the applicant

Eligible expenses

ISO 13485, ISO 14000, ISO22000, Product Certification

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)

Halal Ceritfication & MS1500:2004, TS 16949)

Quality Improvement Practice , Good Manufacturing Practice

Occupational safety and health management system (OSHA)

Restriction of Hazardous Substance (RoHS)

Good Agriculture Practice (GAP), Good Hygiene Practice (GHP)

Regulatory Impact Practice (RIA), British Retailers' Consortium

Factory Renovation compliance to Certificaition Requirements

Other related cost to comply with the requirements of Standard and Certification

Application procedure
Applications to be submitted to SMIDEC

Contact
Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC)
Aras 20, West Wing Menara MATRADE
Jalan Khidmat Usaha
Off, Jalan Duta, 50480 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 03-6207 6000
Fax: 03-6201 6564
Website: www.smidec.gov.my

SMALL & MEDIUM INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

2007-12-10T09:55:00.001+08:00

SMALL & MEDIUM INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
Grant - Loan Facility
INTRODUCTION
Grant and Loan facility (GLF) is a joint facility between SMIDEC and SME Bank. Assistance is given in the form of grant (SMIDEC) and loan (SME Bank). SMIDEC will cover up to 50% of the approved projectcost and 45% will be financed by SME Bank. SMEs are required to contribute for remaining 5%.
Objective
To Provide assistance for SMEs in the form of grant (SMIDEC) and loan (SME Bank) for:
• Specific cost for business start-up
• Product and process improvement
• Certification and quality management systems
• Enhancing product packaging
• Development and promotion of Halal products

Eligible Sectors
• Manufacturing
• Manufacturing related services
• Services (excluding insurance and financial services)

Qualifying Criteria
• SMEs incorprated under the Companies Act 1965 or Registration of Businesses Act 1965 with annual sales turnover of not exceeding RM25 million and full time employees not exceeding 150
• For services sector, SMEs incorprated under the Registration of Businesses Act 1965 with an annual sales turnover of niot exceeding 50.
• At least 60% equity held by Malaysians.
• Possess valid business premise
• Aviable project with growth potential and is able to prove loan repayment ability.
• Financing is based on joint approval between SMIDEC and SME Bank.
Limit, Nature, Tenure, Margin of Financing and Profit Rate for Financing
i) Terms and conditions applied are based on standard guidelines of SMIDEC and SME Bank with minimum financing of RM20,000.
ii) The above financing can also be packaged with working capital financing (fixed/revolving), subject to item (i)
iii) Interest /Profit Rate : 4% - 6% per annum based on standard guidelines of SME Bank's loan fund.
Processing Fee
• Based on standard guidelines of SME Bank.
Application
Application can be made using the Grant and Loan Facility (GLF)
Form which can be obtained free of charge from SME Bank or or download here:
Application Form Grant and Loan Facility (GLF)

Enquiry

Further information on this Scheme can be obtained from:

Menara SME Bank,
Jalan Sultan Ismail,
Peti Surat 12352,
50774 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia

Tel : (603) 2615 2020, (603) 2615 2828
Fax: (603) 2692 8520, (603) 2698 1748
Website: http://www.smebank.com.my

or

Small and Medium Industries Development
Corporation (SMIDEC)
Aras 20, West Wing, Menara MATRADE
Jalan Khidmat Usaha, Off Jalan Duta
50480 Kuala Lumpur
Tel No: 03-6207 6000
Fax No: 03-6201 6564
E-mail : info@smidec.gov.my
Hotline : 1-300-88-1801
Website www.smidec.gov.my

SMALL & MEDIUM INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

2007-12-10T09:54:00.003+08:00

SMALL & MEDIUM INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

Soft Loan for Small and Medium Industries
Scope
Financing existing as well as new start-up in project, fixed assets and working capital financing.
Loan Size
Minimum : RM50,000
Maximum :
• Project Financing - RM5 million
• Fixed Assets Financing - RM1 million ; and
• Working Capital Financing - RM1 million
Eligibility
• SMEs incorporated under the Companies Act 1965 or Registration of Business Ordinance 1956.
• Subsidiaries of public-listed companies with shareholding not exceeding 20 per cent.
• At least 60% equity held by Malaysians
• Possess valid premise license

Eligible Expenses
• Project, fixed assets and working capital financing;
• Costs incurred for initial store renovation and upgrade of store display for retail trade;
• Working capital for companies with confirmed contract from GLCs, MNCs and the Government including its agencies;
Percentage of Financing
Fix Assets
• Up to 85 per cent of the cost for new assets (90 per cent for Bumiputera); and
• Up to 65 per cent for used/reconditioned equipment which shall not be more than 5 years old.
Working Capital Financing
• Up to 75 per cent of the working capital requirements (80 per cent for Bumiputera).
• For revolving credit and factoring, up to 80 per cent of the working capital requirements
Repayment, Including Grace Period
• Land and Building - Up to 15 years including grace period of up to 2 years.
• Machinery and Equipment – up to 6 years including grace period of up to 1 year.
• IT Equipment - Up to 4 years including grace period of up to 1 year.
• Term Working Capital - Up to 3 ½ years including grace period of up to 6 months.
• Revolving Working Capital - subject to annual review.

Interest rate
4.0% p.a.
Securitisation
• Debenture on the machinery/equipment financed;
• Charge on the land and building financed; and
• Guarantee by the directors and/or shareholders.
• Assignment of contract proceeds from MNCs, GLCs and Government for factoring and revolving credit.
• Guarantee from CGC.
Special Window for Women Entrepreneurs
Approved Industrial Sites
For further information, please contact:
HEAD OFFICE

Bangunan MIDF
195A, Jalan Tun Razak
50400 Kuala Lumpur
P.O. Box 12110
50939 Kuala Lumpur

Tel: 03-2161 0066, 2161 1166
Fax: 03-2161 5973, 2161 3906, 2161 3908
E-mail : inquiry@midf.com.my
Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC)
Aras 20, West Wing, Menara MATRADE
Jalan Khidmat Usaha, Off Jalan Duta
50480 Kuala Lumpur
Tel No: 03-6207 6000
Fax No: 03-6201 6564
E-mail : info@smidec.gov.my
Hotline : 1-300-88-1801
Website www.smidec.gov.my

Product Certification Scheme

2007-12-10T09:54:00.001+08:00

Product Certification Scheme

Product Certification is offered to manufacturer who wishes to have its product certified to the requirements of a Malaysian or International Standard. Participation in this scheme is voluntary for most products. However, government regulatory authorities may require mandatory certification for certain products.

After successful application, the applicant is given a licence to mark the certified product with the "MS" certification mark. However for most regulated products, it is mandotory to affix the SIRIM labels on the products. The presence of the Label attests that the product meets quality requirements of the specified standard or specification. It also provides consumer an assurance of performance, safety and reliability as well as it demonstrates an effective system for production processes.

Other Product Certification Category

Product Listing Scheme
This scheme is operated along similar lines to the Product Certification Scheme. However. it offers a cost-effective in the absence of a national or international standard for the product. In this case, the product can be certified to association or industry standards as well as acceptable customer specifications.

Pre Application fee of RM200 is payable upon application to Product Listing Scheme. Acceptance into this scheme has to be apporved by SIRIM QAS International's Certification Panel.

Modular Coordination Verification Scheme
This is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which, buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in terms of basic unit or module, known as '1M' which is equivalent to 100 mm. It is internationally accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and many other countries including Malaysia.

Batch Certification Scheme
This Scheme provides third party certification of products and is based on the ISO certification system no. 7, where a batch of product is sample tested and a certificate of conformity and/or labels are issued to the batch. The certification is based on a Malaysian Standard, an International Standard, an International Standard or a foreign standard of a national standards organisation.

IECEE CB Scheme
It is based on the use of the International (IEC) Standards. The CB Scheme utilizes CB Test Certificates to attest that the product samples have successfully passed the appropriate test and are in compliance with the requirements of the relevant IEC Standards and with the declared national differences of various countries...read more
Fire Listing Scheme
Currently, certification on several passive fire protection products such as fire resistant doorsets and roller shutters is being carried out by SIRIM QAS International Sdn. Bhd. These products are certified as a system which includes components such as the door leaves, frames and ironmongeries. Due to this "system" certification, the products certified must be sold with the exact same components or of equivalent or better grade than those used during testing.

Electromagnetic Compatibility Certification Scheme
Ensuring that electrical and electronic products/equipment are safe and do not interfere with the normal operation of other equipment is the basis of the emc Scheme. With the Scheme, which can be best demonstrated through independent third-party certification, manufacturers will be able to apply the emc-mark.

For Enquiries Please Contact

603 5544 6403 603 5544 6466

Email : fauziah_ahmad@sirim.my

Penuaian air di Malaysia

2007-12-07T08:18:00.001+08:00

Penuaian air di Malaysia

Oleh: NURUL A'DILA ABD. RAZAK dan ABDUL RASHID ABDUL AZIZ

MAC lalu, Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi mencadangkan supaya diadakan undang-undang mewajibkan pemasangan sistem penuaian air hujan bagi kegunaan domestik sebagai salah satu langkah untuk mengatasi krisis bekalan air negara pada masa hadapan. Cadangan tersebut ialah pemasangan sistem tuaian air hujan bagi beberapa jenis bangunan tertentu termasuk bangunan kediaman.

Hakikatnya krisis air bukan sahaja berlaku di negara kita, malah seluruh dunia menghadapi masalah yang sama. Amaran yang dikeluarkan oleh ahli kaji cuaca seluruh dunia bahawa dalam masa sepuluh tahun akan datang, peningkatan suhu bumi akan berlaku.

Hal ini sudah pasti akan meninggalkan kesan ke atas bekalan air seluruh dunia terutamanya di kawasan beriklim panas dan sederhana, dan sudah pastinya Malaysia juga tidak akan terkecuali.

Sebenarnya, terdapat pelbagai kaedah yang boleh digunakan untuk menuai air hujan. Seperti di negara-negara luar, pelbagai sistem dipraktikkan sama ada sistem tuaian ringkas mahupun sistem tuaian kompleks. Kaedah paling ringkas tetapi popular ialah penggunaan tong kecil yang ditempatkan di laman rumah atau taman-taman mini.

Kaedah ini diamalkan di beberapa negara seperti di Jerman, Jepun, dan juga Thailand dan ia merupakan kaedah yang paling murah dari segi kos serta menjimatkan ruang. Kaedah tuaian ini hanya memerlukan bahan-bahan seperti tong kecil untuk penyimpanan air hujan, paip air hujan untuk menyalurkan air dari bumbung ke dalam tong, kepala paip untuk tujuan pengagihan air dari tong kepada pengguna, dan juga pelapik tong air.

Bagaimanapun, air hujan yang dituai melalui kaedah tersebut hanya digunakan untuk menyiram pokok di taman-taman kecil sahaja.

Di Sri Lanka pula, penggunaan tangki ferosimen adalah lebih popular. Kaedah ini digunakan secara meluas oleh penduduk di kawasan pedalaman khasnya. Terdapat dua jenis tangki ferosimen, iaitu tangki bawah tanah dan juga tangki aras tanah. Kebiasaannya, setiap jenis tangki tersebut berkapasiti 5,000 liter air. Seperti sistem sebelumnya juga, air hujan yang ditadah dari bumbung rumah akan mengalir ke paip air hujan, seterusnya dialirkan ke tangki ferosimen yang berjarak kira-kira satu atau dua meter dari rumah.

Air yang disimpan dalam tangki akan diagihkan kepada pengguna melalui kepala paip dan juga paip berpam ( bagi tangki separa dalam tanah) yang dipasang pada bahagian tertentu tangki.

Satu kelemahan sistem ini ialah kualiti air yang rendah kerana ia tidak mempunyai sistem penapisan atau penurasan air yang sistematik, sebaliknya hanya bergantung kepada kekerapan pemilik rumah mencuci paip saluran air hujan berkenaan untuk menjamin kebersihan air yang dituai.

Bagi menjamin kualiti air pula, seterusnya dijadikan sumber minuman yang selamat, air hujan yang disimpan dalam tangki akan dimasak terlebih dahulu, atau dirawat dengan menambah serbuk klorin.

Di negara-negara maju seperti Australia, Amerika Syarikat, Jerman, dan United Kingdom pula, sistem yang lebih kompleks dan lebih canggih dipraktikkan.

Contohnya, penggunaan tangki konkrit bawah tanah, tangki politen, dan tangki keluli. Dalam sistem kompleks, air hujan akan melalui beberapa proses penapisan dan rawatan untuk menghasilkan air yang bukan sahaja untuk kegunaan luar seperti menyiram pokok, membasuh kereta, dan mengepam tandas malahan air tersebut boleh diminum dan digunakan untuk memasak makanan.

Salah satu contoh sistem kompleks ialah sistem di Oregon, Ameriksa Syarikat yang menggunakan elemen-elemen termasuk tangki penyimpanan air hujan (plastik) berkapasiti 1,500 gelen, pam air untuk meningkatkan dan menurunkan tekanan air mengikut keperluan pengguna, paip PVC untuk menyambung dan menyalurkan air dalam sistem.

Walaupun sistem ini membabitkan kos yang tinggi, namun kualiti air yang dituai adalah jauh lebih baik dan selamat untuk diminum. Tambahan pula, sistem tuaian ini dapat memberikan faedah jangka panjang kepada pemiliknya.

Polisi dan sistem-sistem di atas telah banyak memberi manfaat kepada negara terlibat. Di samping dapat menangani krisis air, penuaian air hujan juga sebenarnya dapat mewujudkan perumahan mapan melalui kaedah penjimatan tenaga iaitu sumber air.

Sedar atau tidak, di Malaysia, amalan penuaian air hujan sebenarnya telah lama diamalkan oleh masyarakat kita dahulu. Contohnya, amalan mengumpul air hujan dari bumbung rumah di dalam tempayan atau bekas tembikar semasa hujan. Air yang dikumpul tersebut akan digunakan sebagai air mencuci kaki dan menyiram tanaman.

Selain air hujan, penggunaan air bumi iaitu air telaga juga telah lama diamalkan oleh masyarakat kita, khususnya mereka yang tinggal di kawasan pedalaman. Sebagai contoh, penggunaan air telaga di Pantai Timur seperti Kelantan bukanlah suatu amalan yang baru, malahan sehingga kini, penggunaan air telaga masih lagi diamalkan di kampung-kampung di negeri ini. Lebih menarik lagi, air telaga bukan sahaja untuk kegunaan luar, tetapi juga menjadi sumber air minuman yang selamat.

Tetapi sayangnya, amalan penyimpanan air hujan dan penggunaan air telaga seakan-akan telah dilupakan oleh masyarakat kita hari ini setelah wujudnya sistem paip bekalan air kerajaan.

Kita seakan-akan leka dengan kemudahan-kemudahan yang disediakan oleh pihak kerajaan sahaja dan hanya bergantung kepada pihak kerajaan semata-mata tanpa memikirkan inisiatif sendiri untuk menangani krisis air.

Adakah kita mahu tragedi buruk seperti tahun 1997/1998 berlaku kali kedua? Tepuk dada, tanya selera.

- PENULIS ialah pensyarah Pusat Pengajian Perumahan Bangunan dan Perancangan, Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Bigger low-cost homes

2007-12-07T08:11:00.001+08:00

Bigger low-cost homes

By NG CHENG YEE

KUALA LUMPUR: Low and medium-income earners can soon look forward to owning affordable and larger homes.

Under the Bandar Gemilang Sime Darby programme, vast tracts of plantation land in Labu in Negri Sembilan, Gurun in Kedah and Vision City in Selangor will be turned into townships with apartments, link and semi-detached houses.

The low-rise apartments under the programme, which was launched by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi here last night, will measure about 900 sq ft compared to the standard size of a low-cost link house, which is about 600 sq ft.

Some of the residential units will be flexible and can be extended or expanded according to the needs of the houseowners, especially those with large families.

For example, a two-storey cluster home, which is about 1,300 sq ft, can be extended to 1,600 sq ft when the family grows bigger.

Abdullah, who was the guest-of-honour at the event, was delighted and pleased with the development project.

"I believe it holds great promise in providing affordable homes for the people and, at the same time, raising the quality of life as well as enhancing their economic prospects," he said.

He said the measure of a nation's progress and development was signified not just by the level of its economic growth but also by the quality of life enjoyed by its people.

"My Government has made raising the standard and sustainability of the people's quality of life a key developmental priority."

"For many people, comfortable and conducive housing is a key determinant of the quality of life that they enjoy," he added.

Abdullah said the Government had been actively driving the effort together with the private sector to ensure that the lower income group was never forgotten or marginalised.

"Indeed the government has built and continue to build thousands upon thousands of affordable homes nationwide to fulfil that vision."

Abdullah said Sime Darby was working hard towards fulfilling its corporate social responsibility and urged the rest of the corporate world to follow suit.

Sime Darby Berhad chairman Tun Musa Hitam said the number of units to be built at each of the three sites would depend on the demand from potential houseowners.

He said the company aimed to create sustainable communities and was confident that the programme would be well-received by the rakyat.

Other facilities available under programme include libraries, schools, sports fields, police stations and places of worship for major religions.

In each of the townships, 30% of the land area will be dedicated to open space, parks and landscaped gardens.

WHAT IS PRODUCTION SCHEDULING?

2007-11-24T15:38:00.001+08:00

WHAT IS PRODUCTION SCHEDULING?

Scheduling concerns the allocation of limited resources to tasks over time. Bitran [1]explained "Production scheduling is concerned with the allocation of resources and the sequencing of tasks to produce goods and services. Although allocation and sequencing decisions are closely related, it is very difficult to model mathematically the interaction between them. However, by using a hierarchical approach, the allocation and the sequencing problems can be solved separately. The allocation problem is solved first and its results are supplied as inputs to the sequencing problem. The resource allocation problem can sometimes be solved using aggregate production planning techniques. To specify completely the input to the sequencing problem, the resulting detailed or item plan (also referred to as the master schedule) has to be disaggregated. A breakdown by component parts can be obtained in a straightforward way by using Material Requirements Planning (MRP) systems. Although MRP continues to be popular in practice, many issues still need to be resolved to make it an effective production planning tool."

Because of complexity of production scheduling there are different views of it [2].

Problem Solving Perspective views the scheduling as an optimization problem. It is the formulation of scheduling as a combinatorial optimization problem isolated form the manufacturing planning and control system place.

Decision making Perspective is the view that scheduling is a decision that a human must make. Schedulers perform a variety of tasks and use both formal and informal information to accomplish these. Schedulers must address uncertainty, manage bottlenecks, and anticipate the problems that people cause

Organizational Perspective: is a systems-level view that scheduling is part of the complex flow of information and decision-making that forms the manufacturing planning and control system. Such systems are typically divided into modules that perform different functions such as aggregate planning and material requirements planning

Production scheduling can be classified according to the following criteria [3]:

1. Flow patterns

(a) Flow shop: All the jobs have identical process flows and require the same sequence of

operations.

(b) Job shop: Jobs have different process flows, and may require significantly different sequence

of operations.

2. Processing mode

(a) Unit processing: Jobs are processed one by one.

(b) Batch processing: A number of jobs are processed together as a batch.

3. Job release pattern (job release time is the earliest time at which processing can start)

(a) Static: Jobs are (or assumed to be) released to the shop floor at time zero.

(b) Dynamic: Jobs are (or assumed to be) released to the shop floor over time.

4. Work center configuration

(a) Single machine

(b) Identical parallel machines:

(d) Unrelated parallel machines:

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRODUCTION PLANNING AND PRODUCTION SCHEDULING

Barták[4] stated that "the main difference is in the resolution of the resulting plan or schedule. While the industrial planning deals with the task of finding "rough" plans for longer period of time where activities are assigned to departments etc., the industrial scheduling deals with the task of finding detail schedules for individual machines for shorter period of time. From this point of view, scheduling can be seen as a high-resolution short-term planning."

Planning and scheduling in industry

Hierarchical Planning

Barták[4] also defines a new mixed planning and scheduling approach in his paper.

BENEFITS OF PRODUCTION SCHEDULING

There are some goals and benefits of production scheduling:

A production schedule can determine whether delivery promises can be met and identify time periods available for preventive maintenance.
A production schedule gives shop floor personnel an explicit statement of what should be done so that supervisors and managers can measure their performance.
Minimize WIP inventory
Minimize average flow time through the system
Maximize machine and/or worker utilization
Minimize setup times
A production schedule can identify resource conflicts, control the release of jobs to the shop, and ensure that required raw materials are ordered in time.
Better coordination to increase productivity and minimizing operating costs.

ORDER MANAGEMENT AND SCHEDULING

Order management is a vital issue on make-to-order systems. Pinedo [5] illustrated the way and how an order is processed via capacity planning, scheduling, and dispatching activities to shop floor management.

Key decisions in different stages of order management, production planning, andoperations scheduling (OMPPOS) process(From Kemppainen [9] which based on Pinedo [5])

Order management is closely related with production capacity, current production utilization level, customer priority, and due date based prizing. Some of the customers may have an agreement with the company then we can give high priority according to this agreement. Utilization of resources is done by considering these factors [5]. While accepting an order it is possible to give range of prizes based on time and current state of the production level.

THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE

Application of computer based schedules are very scarce. Pinedo[6]

In spite of the fact that during this last decade many companies have made large investments in the development as well as in the implementation of scheduling systems, not that many systems appear to be used on a regular basis. Systems, after being implemented, often remain in use for only a limited amount of time; after a while they often are, for one reason or another, ignored altogether. (p. 2151).

Real world is somehow different than idealized computer models so there are some fuzzy constraints, lack of accurate information and, sudden changes. Berlung [7] stated in their paper: "Outcome of the scheduling process is influenced by the scheduler adding human capabilities that cannot be automated, problem-solving when the technical system fails, and negotiating between groups of employees to handle incompatible goals. Technology influences by limitations in the scheduled production system as well as the scheduling tools available. The organization, finally, influences the outcome through degree of proximity between employees, meeting structures, the schedulers' position in hierarchy and their work role interconnecting activities of different organizational parts." Also, Wiers [8] presented applicability of operations research and artificial intelligence techniques and their shortcomings in practice:

1. Robustness. Robustness refers to the extent to which a schedule will remain unchanged when the information on which a schedule is based changes. Robustness avoids nervousness in scheduling in situations with uncertainty. Most authors recognize that nervousness should be avoided as much as possible.

2. Complexity. Complexity is an oft used construct, and can be defined in many ways. In this context, complexity refers to the number of real world elements that are relevant for the scheduling problem, and the relationships between these elements. Some of the issues mentioned in this chapter are linked to the complexity of the problem, such as: oversimplification, and knowledge of the problem domain.

3. Performance measurement. The optimization criteria of many scheduling techniques do not meet the criteria used in practice. In practice, performance is often a matter of judgment by the human scheduler, and can be subject to negotiation.

4. Fixed vs. changeable input. Most scheduling techniques assume that information input is a given and cannot be changed. However, in practice, the situation is often not taken for granted: inputs, such as available capacity, might be changed if judged necessary.

5. Organizational embedding. The relationship of scheduling decision making to other parts of an organization is generally not considered in scheduling techniques.

6. Availability and accuracy of data. The scheduling process predominantly depends on the availability of accurate data. If this condition is not met, the schedule will be incorrect and cannot be executed properly.

7. Interaction with human scheduler. It is recognized by many authors that the human scheduler will remain an indispensable factor in the scheduling process. However, many techniques do not account for interaction with the human scheduler.

8. Learning from experience (artificial intelligence techniques). The intelligence that is built into artificial intelligence scheduling techniques is often not stable in practice. Therefore, these systems should learn from experience to keep their intelligence base up to date. However, most artificial intelligence scheduling techniques are not able to learn from experience, and therefore may become outdated.

9. Availability and reliability of human experts (artificial intelligence techniques). The intelligence of AI based scheduling systems sometimes comprises expertise that must be elicited from human experts. However, in many cases, this expertise cannot be adequately acquired.

[1] Bitran G. R., (1983),A Simulation Model for Job Shop Modeling, A. P. Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology

[2] Hermann, J., W., (2006) Improving Production Scheduling: Integrating Organizational, Decision-Making, and Problem-Solving Perspectives, Industrial Engineering Research Conference, Orlando, Florida

[3] Bayındır, Z., P., (2005) EIN 4333 Production and Distribution Systems class notes.

[4] Barták, R., (1999), On the Boundary of Planning and Scheduling: A Study, Proceedings of Eighteenth Workshop of the UK Planning and Scheduling Special Interest Group (PLANSIG99) Workshop,

[5] Pinedo, M. (1995), Scheduling: theory, algorithms, and systems, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

[6] Pinedo, M. (1992). Scheduling. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial Engineering (2nd edition). Chichester: Wiley.Interscience.

[7] Berlung, B., Karltun, J.,(2005), Human, Technological and Organizational Aspects Influencing the Production Scheduling Process, 18th International Conference on Production Research

[8]Wiers,V., (1997) ,Human-computer interaction in production scheduling-Analysis and design of decision support systems for production scheduling tasks ,Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology Press, Ph.D. Thesis.

[9] Kemppainen, K.,(2005) Priority Scheduling Revisited –Dominant Rules, Open Protocols, And Integrated Order Management

Machines

2007-11-24T12:35:00.001+08:00

The grinder machine for grinding laterlite soil to powder.

Moter 3 hp. 220 v.

Easy control and safty.

Put soil upper and close the lid.

The soil will go out below.

Special model use desel machine 7.5 ph.

we can modify size and system for your request.

The mixer for mixing soil and cement with water.

Moter 3 hp. 220 v.

Size 150 liters., dimention 80cms. high 100 cms.

Interlocking soil cement block building

2007-11-24T12:31:00.001+08:00

Interlocking soil cement block building

The build is beautiful and natural. The inside building is cool quite and attrective without the use of air condition. The building's low energy costs in both construction and operation, plus greatly reduced use of wood, make it environmentally benign, Because they are so simple......

HYDRAULIC PRESSING MACHINE

2007-11-24T12:30:00.001+08:00

**HYDRAULIC PRESSING MACHINE**

HYDRAULIC PRESSING SYSTEM FOR MAKE CEMENT BLOCKS
PUT CEMENT 1 PART AND SOIL 7 PART MIXED WITH WATER 10 % INSIDE THE BLOCK,COSEING AND PUSH DOWN
SAVE TIME AND WAGES.
MAKE 120 - 160 PCS. PER HOUR, 2 PCS. A TIME.
MOTOR 2 PHASE 3 HP. 220V.
EASY CONTROL AND SAVE ALL
THIS MODEL MAKE RECTANGULAR BLOCK
DESIGN AND SIZE CIMENT BLOCK CAN MAKE FOR YOUR ORDER

Interlockingblock machines

2007-11-24T12:29:00.001+08:00

Interlockingblock machines

*HAND PRESSING MACHINES*

HAND PRESSING MACHINE FOR MAKE CEMENT BLOCK
EASY CONTROL BY ONE MAN
PUT CEMENT 1 PART AND SOIL 7 PARTS MIXED WITH WATER 10% INSIDE BLOCK, CLOSE THE LID AND MOVE THE HANDLE FOR PRESSING
SIMPLE OPERATION
NO ELECTRIC ,NO POLLUTION,SAVE THE EARTH, RECYCLE
HANDICRAFT MACHINE
1 PC. PER TIME, 300 - 400 PCS. PER 8 HOURS.
CIMENT BLOCK HAS MORE DESIGNS FOR YOUR ORDER.

Interlocking soil cement blocks

2007-11-24T12:27:00.001+08:00

Interlocking soil cement blocks are the specially designed for low-cost housing. The matirials is local laterlite soil 7 part and cement 1 part with a little bit water not more than 10%, mix well, and put its in cinva-ram pressing machine for pressing. .......After that take its in the open air under the roof, waiting 7-14 days -"no firing" or baking is involved.

BLOCK SIZE AND DESIGNED

. NEW BLOCK FLOWER FORNT.. SIZE12.50X25.00X10.00 CMS.

.FULL BLOCK.. SIZE12.50X25.00X10.00 CMS.

.HALF BLOCK.. SIZE 12.50X12.50X10.00 CMS.

.TANK BLOCK FOR.. 2.00 METERS TANK

.ROUND BLOCK ..SIZE 22.00 CMS., 12.00 CMS

FULL BLOCK SIZE 30.00X15.00X10.00CMS.

HALF BLOCK SIZE 15.00X15.00X10.00CMS.

BIG BLOCK SIZE 24.00X25.00X9.5 CMS.

BLOCK SIZE 12.50X25.00X10.00CMS.

SMALL BLOCK SIZE 7.00X28.00X10.00CMS.

WE CAN MAKE OTHER BLOCKS FOR YOUR ORDER

	Soil test 1.Natural Moisture content 1.5-2.0% 2.Drying Shrinkage not more than 1.0% 3.Plasticity index is non-plastic Block test 1.Compressive Strength is not lesser than 70 kgs./square cms. (5 blocks/28 days) 2.Compressive Strength is not less than 55 kgs./square coms/pc. 3.Durability after wit and dry 6 times must to more than 15%

Interlocking soil cement block method

2007-11-24T12:26:00.001+08:00

Interlocking soil cement block method

How to build your house?

1.Make the local standerd foundation.

2.Array interlocking block worded like the lego system, straight walls could be build quickly and easily by placing fresh blocks in the grooves af already - lis blocks below.

3.Mixing cement and sand 1:1 with more water like creamy put it in the block.

How to make interlocking block?

**Hand pressing machine**

1.Inside Hand pressing machine.

2.Mixing soil and cement 7:1 with a little bit water not more than 10 %.

3. Put all matirail in to block fully.

4. Moveing the handle for pressing.

5.Moving back the handle. The block will upper.

6. Move the bock to the ground under the roof open air and waiting 7-14 days. Watering 3 days for cement setting.

7.For half block. We have a steel for put inside bock.

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**Hydraulic pressing machine**

1.Put all matirail in to block fully. Close and lock, push button at controller

2.Open and Move the bocks to the ground or rack under the roof open air and waiting 7-14 days. Watering 3 days for cement setting.

Soil Units.

2007-11-24T12:23:00.001+08:00

Soil Units.

The Tivannah Global, LDA. soil units are a largely dry stacked-interlocking masonry elements with an appealing face-brick finish that enables speedier construction of high quality, aesthetic and affordable buildings. The soil bricks replace the conventional blocks and mortar combination and construction can be done with unskilled labor. Tivannah's technology converts common soil into one of our most powerful and efficient building materials. Since it uses readily available local raw materials (soil) and resources (water) it is possible to erect large-scale low cost, affordable, energy-efficient homes and commercial buildings. The interlocking soil block can be effectively used in earthquake resistant constructions and can also be incorporated with several structural designs and reinforcements.

Interlocking soil blocks have several advantages because they lock into place without the need of using mortar. Construction can also be made at a faster pace even with unskilled labor. The resulting structures are cool, energy efficient and environmental friendly.

Interlocking soil bricks, pressed without burning

2007-11-24T11:59:00.001+08:00

Interlocking soil bricks, pressed without burning
Soil brick making machines for rural people in developing countries

In rural areas, usually of tropical developing countries, houses and shelters are mainly build of wood, bamboo and leaves and not very durable. When there is some money to spend, bricks are preferred as building material. Bricks are made in kilns, which requires wood for operation. Wood is becoming limited, as most countries hardly have replanting projects, or "wood-growing industries", that keeps this circle going.

Most households and small enterprises (such as brick kilns, bakeries, and food processing industry) use fuel-wood and charcoal as their main fuel for firing/cooking. Fuel-wood and charcoal consumption add to deforestation, effecting the environment, whilst also having a detrimental effect on human health (acute and chronic respiratory diseases, eye diseases and infant mortality ..).

Firewood is mostly taken from natural forest. In the past these tropical countries had abundant natural rain forests. Unfortunately, their forest resources have significantly declined, due to the civil war, illegal logging or over cutting, population growth, etc. The population growth has been increasing pressure on wood supply with annual demand for fuel wood, in for example Cambodia increasing from 1.8 million m³ for the period 1961-71 to 6 million m³ for 1991-94 (World Bank et al. 1996).

Deforestation has economic and environmental consequences. It leads to firewood shortages, and adversely effects living conditions, especially of those in the rural areas. Every day more forest and bushes are disappearing. The wood prices have increased significant over the past years and is becoming alarmingly expensive for the poor. If rural people want to go for bricks, the road conditions are often poor and transport doesn't guarantee the fragile bricks to be delivered in one piece.

A key feature of most of the UNDP conservation projects is encouragement of community engagement in forest protection and wildlife conservation. In this way, those who live in natural resource areas, become part of the solution for their sustainability. UNDP projects also link these countries to actions under the Kyoto protocol, to reduce emissions of harmful greenhouse gases, CO₂ from combustion processes (wood), being one of the major ones

It is therefore proposed to manufacture simple and yet innovative hydraulic brick presses, to produce interlocking soil bricks without burning from the freely available soil around, allowing the rural population to build their own durable houses. This fits well in environmental programs, that aim to reduce rural poverty and sustain economic growth, ensuring that future generations will be able to benefit from the rich environmental resources of the country, while reversing the loss of them.

The bricks consist of soil for the greater part, mixed with cement, sand and some water, pressed to a high density in the brick making machine When the bricks leave the machine, they are already strong enough to be handled for storage and they reach there final strength about a day later, when the cement has cured.

There is hence no need to burn the bricks, which makes this process a very low-energy requiring one. The soil is thought to originate for free from the building site itself and constitutes between 70 and 80% of the total mass of the bricks.

The press delivers bricks that are interlocking and thus don't require jointing cement. This process uses 75% less cement than the conventional method and results in a complete saving on wood consumption of kilns.

The bricks have cavities, that are filled by pouring thin cement, as to seal the bricks over their whole length and between the vertical joints, keeping small insects (ants) and rain water (draught) out. It also assures a perfect fit between all the bricks, in a rigid structure. If required, steel or bamboo rods can be placed in the cavities as well, which would provide for earthquake resistant structures.

The main features of this new brick type is, that it has more resilient strength than its fired counterparts. The secret of its success, is the composition of materials and the forming under moderate pressures.

The soil brick is suitable especially for use in multi story buildings, due to its durability and robustness. It allows to abandon the inflexible and costly steel supported concrete column construction.

The bricks' cell interlocking system, eliminates the need for a horizontal mortar bed and anchoring reinforcements in wall corners and joints, thus reducing the demand for highly skilled brick layers, all together cutting the costs of construction considerably. Apart from the environmental benefits, the expected price of a pressed brick versus a conventional, fired brick, is at least 1:4 lower.

Read the history in the brochure, that also describes the specifics of his technique. It is about a manual brick press, or rather a "footable" one, as it is powered by stepping on pedals.

It is an innovative machine and a definitely unique design in combining hydraulics with muscle power. It allows rural people in developing countries to create independently their own affordable bricks to build houses themselves and not have to rely on salesmen and production in towns, bad roads, transport problems and fluctuating prices.

The brick press can be operated by the house builder himself, or somebody can make a business by serving other members of his community. The press and other equipment can be placed on a pick-up truck, to travel around to various building sites.

Presently, the blue prints are ready for the construction of a first prototype, for which we already have a contractor in Germany. We (my partner and I) have registered a company for this in the UK and we are looking for investors, not only to build the first prototype, but also its further development into a commercial machine and marketing efforts, which includes training of customers in the preparation of soil mixtures, allowing us to sell several machines, as to start up a sustainable business.

We estimate that it will take at least a year from start, before we can make the first profits to start paying off the investments. We offer investors a total of 60% ownership in the company, having unanimous decision right, as per UK company law. Our company presentation, with financial and contact information is to be found in the brochure above, as well as a preliminary shareholder's agreement.

Btw, if you would be interested to invest, but rather together with others to divide the risk taking, you can have your name and contact info here below, so others with the same intention can contact you and each other on the matter.

Environmental Construction Technologies Utilizing Compressed Soil Stabilized Interlocking Earth-Bricks and Road Remediation Project Gallery

2007-11-24T11:56:00.001+08:00

Environmental Construction Technologies Utilizing Compressed Soil Stabilized Interlocking Earth-Bricks and Road Remediation Project Gallery

These pictures will show you our different projects worldwide. From training unskilled laborers to become self sufficient in third world countries, to finished projects. From road remediation, soil stabilization, erosion control, to buidling low cost affordable housing, please click on each picture for short overview.

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS

2007-11-24T11:54:00.001+08:00

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS

LCH Machine Specifications

The LCH Stabilised Earth Brick (SEB) Machine is easily transported onto a construction site and can immediately produce high quality, interlocking bricks made from the local soil. By using the unique interlocking features, LCH machines allow "dry construction", i.e. no mortar is required to hold the bricks together. Made from soil treated with RoadPacker Ionic Soil Stabiliser products, the LCH Stabilised Earth Bricks (SEB) can be used within a few days of production. The fast, reliable and easy to handle, Stabilised Earth Brick machine, will allow for low cost construction of high quality houses utilising unskilled labour.

The construction of a 50 square metre house requiring 5,000 soil/clay bricks, can be achieved in two or three (2 or 3) days and will be of the highest standard. The home will also be heat resistant, sound proof and completely stable. .

The LCH Stabilised Earth Brick Machine

Features:

	Fully automatic or manual modes controlled by pressure switches with built in cut off switches.
	Specially designed hydraulic cooling system.
	All hydraulic components are industrial grade and rated for extreme industrial use.
	Retractable heavy duty sieve on hopper, filters out large rocks and foreign debris, and folds down for easy transportation and reduced freight charges.
	Engine mounted to the frame of the machine to allow for maximum vibration to keep soil moving at a constant rate through the hopper.
	Frame constructed of 10cm (4 inch) channel iron for extreme strength to weight ratio and rigidity.
	All welds are double welded for superior strength and vibration resistance.
	Brick molds are specially engineered for wear resistance.
	Heavy duty hitch with 5cm (2 inch) ball and built in levelling jack.
	12 volt D.C. electrical system.
	Fully warranted free of defects in materials and workmanship (when maintained as per specifications for one (1) year).

Specifications:

	Brick size - 20cm x 20cm x 10cm (8 x 8 x 4 inches)
	Production - 10 blocks per minute
	Power - 80 hp John Deere diesel
	Cooling system - Heavy duty radiator (Made for extreme heat)
	Hydraulic pump - Vickers
	Control valves - Rexroth or Vickers
	Machine size - 4.72m x 2.04m x 2.31m (15'6" long x 6'7" wide x 7'6" high, 1 per 20 ft. container)
	Weight - 2727kg (6000lbs)
	Hydraulic Pressure - 1000kg/cm2 to 1136 kg/cm2 (2,200PSI to 2,500 PSI)
	Hydraulic oil capacity - 55 US gallons
	Hopper capacity - 1 cubic meter = 62 blocks
	Unskilled labour - 6 men
	Skilled labour - 1 man

The mobile integrated roadworthy trailer allows the movement of the LCH Stabilised Earth Brick Machine from one part of the construction site to another without major disruption to the project.

LCH Stabilised Earth Brick Dry Stacking Block Specifications

Made of:	"Insitu" soil plus RoadPacker Clay Brick Stabiliser compressed at over 40 tons
Bricks:	Length 20 cm x Width 20 cm x Height 10 cm
Weight:	+/- 10 kg
MPA :	> 8 mpa

To produce good quality bricks with LCH Stabilised Earth Brick technology, the following procedures must be adhered to:

A soil that contains 15%> percentage of clay, must be used, pure sand will not work. If inferior soil or clay is to be used, then a clayey material will have to be imported and properly mixed with the insitu material
Mix the soil with the prescribed dosage of RoadPacker Clay Brick Stabiliser per m3 of material/soil.
Adjust the hydraulic pressure of the machine to the type of soil and moisture used.
Fill up the hopper with soil and the prepared RoadPacker Clay Brick Stabiliser mix.
Activate the LCH SEB Machine and begin stockpiling bricks as the are extruded from the automated press.
The Stabilised Earth Bricks produced are so strong they can be easily handled and immediately stacked for storage on the building site.

Foundations

Good foundations have to be erected to give your building strong support. LCH Compacted Earth Brick can be used for these foundations.(0 .3 of a litre of RoadPacker Clay Brick Stabiliser per m3 of material/soil is recommended for foundations as a rule.)

In this instance only (foundations), the LCH Compacted Earth Brick will have to be assembled with mortar and carefully aligned. The first row of LCH Compacted Earth Bricks will give the essential vertical alignment for the other rows of bricks to be placed on to.

Easy To Assemble

LCH Compacted Earth Bricks are firmly interlocked on the top, bottom and sides. A wall built with LCH Compacted Earth Bricks is extremely strong and highly isothermic. Each brick is perfectly extruded and all bricks are of the highest quality.

There is no available technology that will allow you to build as fast as with LCH Compacted Earth Bricks at such a competitive price.

How To Build A Wall

Once the foundations are built to the proper standard, the bricks should be moved close to the site for ease of handling, then start laying the first row of bricks. Check ( with a spirit level ) that the bricks are perfectly flat, ( Note: Any angle on the first row will throw out the vertical alignment of later rows ). The first row must be finalised with proper attention to the levels, paying particular attention to the junctions. Once the first row is completed, the walls will follow the set level and run true. Corners are easy to make and in a short time the building will take shape. Walls for a 50 square metre house are easily built in 1 or 2 days depending on the team's skill.

The LCH Compacted Earth Brick machine permits you to build using the insitu soil ( which is usually free ) and only 0.2 of a litre of RoadPacker Clay Brick Stabiliser per m3 in the mix to achieve the most inexpensive, strong and most attractive looking wall. This is why LCH Compacted Earth Brick technology is the most cost-effective method of building low cost housing, of the very highest standards.

Several Reasons Why This Technology Should Be Used.

	LCH Compacted Earth Bricks allow you to use the most abundant raw material on earth, soil.
	LCH Compacted Earth Bricks use only 0 .2 litres of RoadPacker Clay Brick Stabiliser per m3 to be mixed with the soil to stabilise it.
	LCH Compacted Earth Bricks being strong and highly compacted, are of the highest resistance (>8mpa) and do not require the use of any reinforcing bars to build a completely strong durable dwelling of up to 3 stories. (Except in Seismic Areas)
	LCH Compacted Earth Bricks can be produced on the construction site, which negates the need for transporting the bricks and thereby, reduces the risk of damaging the already "paid for" bricks.
	LCH Compacted Earth Bricks utilise unskilled labour to manufacture the bricks, therefore, employment is provided for local indigenous population and costs are kept at the lowest level.
	LCH Compacted Earth Brick houses require a minimum of skilled labour to build. A professional bricklayer supervising the job will be sufficient, all other workers can be unskilled from the local surrounding area.
	The LCH Compacted Earth Bricks are of a quality so high and a finish so good that most of the builders do not plaster or paint the external walls. Furthermore, the majority of the low cost housing, because of the high standard and finish, can be left with the internal walls not painted.
	A LCH Compacted Earth Brick house is totally isothermic to the extent that neither the heat nor the cold will affect the comfort of the occupants. Should the occupant decide that they wish to install air conditioning or central heating, then their electricity bill will be minimal.

Promotion of Interlocking soil/cement bricks for affordable construction

2007-11-24T10:51:00.001+08:00

Promotion of Interlocking soil/cement bricks for affordable construction
By S. Asman (Chief Scientific Officer )

Shelter is one of the basic necessities for decent human life and this is why the Tanzania government persistently sensitizes and encourages its citizens to have good habitat both in urban as well as rural areas. Over 80% of the populations live in rural areas where housing construction is mostly done using soil and timber.

The traditional way of housing construction in most parts of the country is to use mud bricks and poles for the walls and poles and grass for the roof. Responding to the government call for better housing, most people have resorted to building their houses using burnt bricks. Unfortunately the process of making burnt entails an extensive use of fuel wood which substantially contribute to the decline of the forests. Some areas are completely without trees because of brick making activities for housing and other activities and as such other means for the construction of affordable modern housing have to be made. The development of an inter locking bricks press therefore offers one of the best options for the construction of affordable shelters in rural, and urban centres like areas especially where fuel wood for making burnt bricks are either scarce or no longer available.

The Interlocking brick press
The Institute of Production Innovation (IPI) of the University of Dar es Salaam and the Building Research Unit for more than a decade now have been involved in the development of equipment for building materials. One of the recently developed equipment now in the market is the Interlocking Brick Press. The locally developed press is based on the working principles of a press machine developed in 1956 by Raul Ramirez at the Inter American Housing Centre

. The press is made entirely of steel and consists of a mould box with a cover onto which a toggle lever is rolled. Compaction is achieved manually by impacting the mould contents (i.e a damp mixture of crush dust and cement) with the mould cover. The weight of the cover and the force applied by the operator are sufficient to achieve brick strength required by the Building industry. Depending on the setting of the mould the machine can produce three different sizes of the brick: a whole brick, half brick, or three quarters of a brick. The three sizes are necessary during the construction. The machine is easy to operate; one person can operate the machine so long as it is firmly secured to the ground. Soil, cement and water are the major components for the production of the inter locking bricks, and using the recommended mixture or cement and soil, one bag of Cement (50 kg) can produce 150 interlocking bricks . Whereas for the same amount of cement one can get 25 concrete blocks of size 6� x9� x18�.

The interlocking soil/cement bricks have a variety of advantages:

� They don�t require mortar in between the bricks during construction

� The hollow portions allow insertion of certain fixtures or conduits without having to do extra work on the building structure.

� They don�t need fire treatment and therefore ease the fast depletion of the forest cover.

� They need less water for their production and treatment compared with the production of other bricks.

� They use very small amount of cement per brick

Popularisation of the Interlocking bricks

Both developers of the interlocking brick press, the IPI and the BRU are engaged in the popularization of the new technology. However in view of the potential environmental impact that can be obtained by an extensive use of the new technology, the Centre for the Development and Transfer of Technology(CDTT) has endeavored to join IPI and BRU, and speed up the popularization of the technology to individuals, public as well as private institutions in Tanzania. So far some individual and some private institutions have successfully bee sensitized and the big plan is to reach a much larger segment of the population.

Soil Brick Making Machines Can Save The Forests

2007-11-24T10:50:00.001+08:00

Soil Brick Making Machines Can Save The Forests
By Rudolph Draaisma

In rural areas, usually of tropical developing countries, houses and shelters are mainly build of wood, bamboo and leaves and not very durable. When there is some money to spend, bricks are preferred as building material. Bricks are made in kilns, which requires wood for operation. Wood is becoming limited as these countries hardly have replanting projects, or "wood-growing industries", that keeps this circle going.

Firewood is mostly taken from natural forest. In the past, these tropical countries had abundant natural forests. Unfortunately, their forest resources have significantly declined, due to civil wars, illegal logging or over cutting, population growth, etc.

Deforestation has economic and environmental consequences. It leads to firewood shortages, and adversely effects living conditions, especially of those in the rural area. Every day more forest and bushes are disappearing. The wood prices have increased significant over the past years and is becoming alarmingly expensive for the poor.

If rural people want to go for bricks, the road conditions are poor and transport doesn't guarantee the fragile bricks to be delivered in one piece.A key feature of most of the UNDP conservation projects is encouragement of community engagement in forest protection and wildlife conservation. In this way, those that live in natural resource areas become part of the solution for their sustainability. UNDP projects also link these countries to actions under the Kyoto protocol to reduce emissions of harmful greenhouse gases, CO2 from combustion processes (wood), being one of the major ones.

THE SOLUTION

Bricks can be made without burning and the use of sun-dried bricks of soil is practiced since thousands of years, called adobe. In modern times, also rammed bricks are made, by compressing soil and then sun-dry them. These bricks however are not very strong, nor durable and tend to crack on drying, especially if so called "black cotton soil" is used.

It is therefore proposed to mix soil with sand and cement, while adding some water and then compress this material in a form giving mould, which results in strong and durable bricks, that do not crack. This can be done with simple and yet innovative manually operated brick presses, to produce interlocking soil bricks without burning from the freely available soil around (any kind of), allowing the rural population to build their own durable houses.

This fits well in environmental programs, that aim to reduce rural poverty and sustain economic growth, ensuring that future generations will be able to benefit from the rich environmental resources of the country, while reversing the loss of them.

Feasible, affordable and environmentally friendly, including significant cost savings and on-going environmental benefits, building with soil bricks is one of the most environmentally-sound building technologies in the world today, utilizing on-site available soils, as the main ingredient of the soil bricks.

The environment is protected in several ways:

It lessens the environmental impact of building construction. The need for lumber is substantially reduced, thereby curtailing deforestation, drought, soil erosion, flooding, species displacement as well as the greenhouse effect

It saves money. On-site manufacturing of brick eliminates a large portion of transportation, middlemen and breakage cost. This is because the soil bricks that might get broken for one reason or another, can be recycled through the manufacturing process.
The structures made with soil bricks are as beautiful and durable as housing made from conventional bricks. The higher acoustical qualities of these houses shut out exterior noise for less stressful living. The interlocking blocks are more thermally radiant than conventional bricks and reduce the need to heat or cool the interior.

When the bricks leave the machine, they are already strong enough to be handled for storage and they reach there final strength about a day later, when the cement has cured.

There is hence no need to burn the bricks, which makes this process a very low-energy requiring one. The soil is thought to originate for free from the building site itself and constitutes between 70 and 80% of the total mass of the bricks.

The press delivers bricks that are interlocking and thus don't require jointing cement. This process uses 75% less cement than the conventional method. The bricks have cavities, that are filled by pouring thin cement, as to seal the bricks over their whole length and between the vertical joints, keeping small insects (ants) and rain water (drought) out. If required, steel or bamboo rods can be placed in the cavities as well, which would provide for earthquake resistant structures.

One of the main features of this brick type is, that it has more resilient strength than its fired counterparts. The secret of its success, is the composition of materials and the forming under moderate pressures. The soil brick is suitable especially for use in multi-storey buildings, due to its durability and robustness. It allows to abandon the inflexible and costly steel supported concrete column construction.

The bricks' cell interlocking system, eliminates the need for a horizontal mortar bed and anchoring reinforcements in wall corners and joints, thus reducing the demand for highly skilled brick layers, all together cutting the costs of construction considerably. Apart from the environmental benefits, the expected price of a pressed brick versus a conventional, burned brick, is at least 1:4 lower.

Brick presses allow rural people to create independently their own affordable bricks to build houses themselves and not have to rely on salesmen and production in towns, bad roads, transport problems and fluctuating prices. A brick press can be operated by the house builder himself or somebody can make a business of it, by serving other members of his community.

This simple, yet innovative technology can generate income when used as service to other villagers, which alleviates poverty and saves the forest at the same time. Most rural inhabitants are farmers who are often only busy for 6 months of the year and look for other employment during the remaining 6 months.

Though the idea of pressing bricks from soil is far from new and many have made an effort, for some unknown reasons this technology doesn't seem to have made its brake through. In my view it must have to do with wrong management, because the demand, or at least the need is there and the technology is simple (once you know how to do it).

Rudolph N. J. Draaisma is an all-round engineer, who has extensive experience in developing and building soil brick making machines. His latest design puts all that experience and know-how together. He also is an expert on energy conversion & recovery systems.
Read how this brick making machine works

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Rudolph_Draaisma

Soil Cement Interlocking Blocks

2007-11-22T00:08:00.000+08:00

Soil Cement Interlocking Blocks

INTRODUCTION

Brick masonry is well proven building material possessing excellent properties

in various terms, for example appearance, durability, cost etc. However, the quality of masonry in a building depends on the materials used and hence all brickwork materials must confirm to certain minimum standards. The basic components of brickwork are brick and mortar. The latter being in itself a composite of cement, lime and sand and sometime of other constituents.

All these bricks either produced by machines or manually using skilled or unskilled labor require mortar joints and some degree of skill for placement when building walls. It also consume labor's time. Furthermore, since bricks are mostly solid, the wall becomes rather massive and oversized for single storey load bearing construction while being insufficiently stable for multi-storey construction. In addition, conventional mortar joints allow only light reinforcement to be used, making the wall an unstable structural component for use in earthquake zones.

Interlocking Brick is inexpensive and can be used without cement or mortar, easy to handle, mould and manufacture. Even unskilled or semiskilled labor can easily and quickly construct a wall.

INTERLOCKING BLOCK

The interlocking blocks are different from other normal bricks. They are rectangular in shape as regular bricks, but they do not require mortar for the masonry work. They are interlocked with each other by means of positive and negative frogs on the top and bottom of the bricks which do not allow horizontal movement between them. They can be used for all kinds of structures like load bearing walls, lintels, sills, walls corners etc.

Raw Materials:

The interlocking bricks can be produced with stone dust or laterite soil and cement.

Cement

Stone-dust

Laterite Soil

Sand

Water

Mortar and Grout Materials

Production Process:

The general steps are as follows:

Sieving of soil (necessary only for soil cement bricks)

Preparation of mixes

Filling mould box with exact amount of mix

Compression of the mix

Removal of brick from brick press and placing it on pallet

Air curing/storage

Testing

ADVANTAGES OF THE INTERLOCKING BLOCKS

Construction costs are 30-50% less than conventional systems

DESIGN DECISIONS	EFFECTS	SIDE EFFECTS	GLOBAL EFFECTS
Modular	No material wasted No cutting or adjusting Fits in place Quickly erected	Labor saving Less supervision necessary Material saving Shortens construction time	Cost saving
Prefabrication	Controlled production Precise dimensions	Labor saving	Cost saving
Light industry	Rapid and exact products Controlled production Controlled quality	Creates local jobs Generates income Reduces Investment	Cost saving
Production on/near site	Configured to demand Production unit mobility	Eliminates transport costs	Cost saving
Use of local materials	Easily available	Cost reduction Reduces transportation costs Eliminates imports	Cost saving
Cement based	Strong & durable materials	Resist fire, wind, flood, earthquake	High value houses
Optimize strength	Optimal use of materials Reduce materials quantity	Cost reduction	Cost saving
Interlocking (no mortar)	Self-aligning Reduces reinforcement Simplify construction	Minimum training Max. use of unskilled labor Reduces wages Permits self-help	Cost saving
Light weight components	Easy to put in place	No equipment needed Less capital investment	Cost saving
Alternative to wood	Minimize wood used in the construction process and the building itself	Cost reduction Reduced deforestation	Cost saving Better environment
Environment	No pollution	No effect	Environment friendly

TYPES OF INTERLOCKING BLOCKS

1. Half Size Brick 2. Regular Shaped Brick

3. U- Shaped Brick

INTERLOCKING BLOCK CHARACTERISTICS:

Use for : Load bearing structures, sills, lintels etc.

Shape : Rectangular

Standard Size : 30 cm x 15 cm x 10 cm

Weight : 7 kg (concrete brick)

: 6 kg (laterite soil brick)

Dry Compressive Strength : 70 – 100 kg / cm²

Production Capacity : 200 - 400 blocks per day per machine (Manual Press)

Adobe walls

2007-11-20T16:52:00.001+08:00

Adobe walls

Gernot Minke: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. 7.1 General

Blocks of earth produced manually by throwing wet earth into a formwork are called adobes, or mud bricks or sometimes sun-dried earth blocks. When moist earth is compacted in a manual or powered press, the compressed elements so formed are called soil blocks. Blocks produced by an extrusion process in a brick plant, are called green bricks in their unburnt state. Larger blocks compacted in a formwork by ramming are called rammed earth blocks.
There are many different shapes known all over the world. Fig. 7-1 shows some samples.
Different manually operated presses are known too. Fig. 7.3 shows one of the first, the widespread CINVA-Ram, and Fig. 7-4 the CETA-Ram, which can produce 3 smaller blocks at the same time. Blocks produced by these presses have the advantage of a more exact shape with sharp corners than handmade adobes. Their disadvantages are that they usually need the addition of 4-8% cement to the soil in order to obtain sufficient stability and that the production output is only half by comparison with adobes.

7-1 Adobe forms (Minke 2000)

7-2 Production of adobes in Ecuador

7-3 CINVA-Ram, Colombia

7-4 CETA-Ram, Paraguay

7-5 System ININVI, Peru

7-6 Ground plan with system ININVI, Perú (Pereira 1995)

7-7 Improved ground plan with system ININVI, (Equipo Maiz, El Salvador 1995)

7.2 Internal reinforcement

The "Instituto nacional de investigación y normalización de la vivienda (ININVI), Peru, developed a system of adobe walls which are stabilized by vertical bamboo rods that fit into holes of 5 cm diameter, formed by grooves at the side of square adobes and halved ones, see Fig. 7-5. Corner buttresses and intermediate buttresses stabilize the wall, see Fig. 7-6. In Fig. 7-8 it can be seen that the horizontal elements of the roof trusses rest on and are fixed to the buttresses. It is important to mention that if the length of a wall is 12 times larger than its thickness, it should have an intermediate buttress, see Fig. 7-6 and 7-9. Interior walls must also have a buttress when they meet the exterior walls. Fig. 7-7 shows a simple design with shorter walls and a separate kitchen built in Salvador (Equipo Maiz, 2001).
Horizontal bamboo rods, as shown in Fig. 7-5, normally do not strengthen the structure. They weaken the walls as they disturb the transfer of shear forces. This is due to the fact, that in practice there is not sufficient bonding between the rods and the adobe, as they are not always covered by 2 cm of mortar and as the quality of the mortar is too poor to take the shear forces.
The buttresses at the corners can be substituted by columns of reinforced concrete, see Fig. 7-10. In the case of the solution shown on the left, it is necessary to place horizontal steel bars at least every 50 cm which grip into the joints with their angles. This detail was forgotten in all publications which illustrate this solution. Without this bond, the column will separate from the wall when strong horizontal shock occurs in the earthquake.

7-8 Educational centre Acomayo, Perú (Pereira 1995)

7-9 Adobe walls reinforced by buttresses

7-10 Stabilized corners

7-11 Interlocking blocks (Weinhuber 1995)

7-12 and 7-13 Prototype house, Thailand 1984 (Weinhuber 1995)

7-15 Improved interlocking system of FEB, Kassel, 2001

7.3 Interlocking blocks

Walls without mortar can be built with interlocking blocks. The blocks have holes for vertical reinforcement elements from steel rods or bamboo canes fixed by pouring cement sludge into the holes. The blocks are pressed in special molds and normally stabilized with cement, see Fig. 7-11. If they have enough vertical reinforcement elements, at least at corners and intersections, and if these are well fixed to the plinth and the ring beam, these walls are supposed to be earthquake-resistant due to their flexibility. The system was developed at the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok. Figs. 7-12 and 7-13 shows the first demonstration building, built in 1984 in Thailand. In this case the holes were filled with a mixture of cement and sand in the ratio 1:3.
Fig. 7-14 shows a similar system, developed by the University of the Andes, Mérida, Venezuela. The blocks have grooves and tongues which interlock. Horizontal ring beams of reinforced concrete are placed at a height of 1.20 m and on top of the wall.
If stacked without mortar these walls do not show any high resistance to horizontal forces as the interlocking effect is only given by a height of some millimeters.
Therefore the author developed an improved interlocking system, with blocks showing tongues and grooves 40 mm high, in horizontal as well as in vertical joints, see Fig. 7-15. If these blocks are displaced or lifted up by seismic shocks, they always fall back into their normal position. The holes act as gripholes for easy 0 handling, but can also be used to install vertical reinforcement elements. But these additional reinforcement elements are not necessary if the wall corners are formed by concrete columns, which interlock with the block as shown in Fig. 7-15, and these columns are interconnected by a ring beam.

7.4 Concrete skeleton walls with adobe infill

Normal masonry walls are not very stable against seismic shocks. Therefore, nowadays the masonry walls are often framed by concrete which forms a skeleton structure with adobe (or brick) infill, see Fig. 7-2 and 7-3. The vertical concrete columns should have 4 steel bars of at least 14 mm diameter. It is important that the concrete and the adobes interlock, as shown in Fig. 7-16. For low-cost housing projects this solution is normally too expensive. Moreover it shows hardly any flexibility.

7-14 Building system invented by Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela (Pereira 1995)

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Interlocking soil cement block building

**HYDRAULIC PRESSING MACHINE**

Interlockingblock machines

Interlocking soil cement blocks

. NEW BLOCK FLOWER FORNT.. SIZE12.50X25.00X10.00 CMS.

.FULL BLOCK.. SIZE12.50X25.00X10.00 CMS.

.HALF BLOCK.. SIZE 12.50X12.50X10.00 CMS.

.TANK BLOCK FOR.. 2.00 METERS TANK

.ROUND BLOCK ..SIZE 22.00 CMS., 12.00 CMS

FULL BLOCK SIZE 30.00X15.00X10.00CMS.

HALF BLOCK SIZE 15.00X15.00X10.00CMS.

BIG BLOCK SIZE 24.00X25.00X9.5 CMS.

BLOCK SIZE 12.50X25.00X10.00CMS.

SMALL BLOCK SIZE 7.00X28.00X10.00CMS.

Interlocking soil cement block method

Soil Units.

Interlocking soil bricks, pressed without burning

Interlocking soil bricks, pressed without burning Soil brick making machines for rural people in developing countries

There is hence no need to burn the bricks, which makes this process a very low-energy requiring one. The soil is thought to originate for free from the building site itself and constitutes between 70 and 80% of the total mass of the bricks.

The press delivers bricks that are interlocking and thus don't require jointing cement. This process uses 75% less cement than the conventional method and results in a complete saving on wood consumption of kilns.

The soil brick is suitable especially for use in multi story buildings, due to its durability and robustness. It allows to abandon the inflexible and costly steel supported concrete column construction.

Read the history in the brochure, that also describes the specifics of his technique. It is about a manual brick press, or rather a "footable" one, as it is powered by stepping on pedals.

The brick press can be operated by the house builder himself, or somebody can make a business by serving other members of his community. The press and other equipment can be placed on a pick-up truck, to travel around to various building sites.

Environmental Construction Technologies Utilizing Compressed Soil Stabilized Interlocking Earth-Bricks and Road Remediation Project Gallery

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS

LCH Machine Specifications

The LCH Stabilised Earth Brick Machine

Features:

Specifications:

LCH Stabilised Earth Brick Dry Stacking Block Specifications

Foundations

Easy To Assemble

How To Build A Wall

Promotion of Interlocking soil/cement bricks for affordable construction

Soil Brick Making Machines Can Save The Forests

Soil Cement Interlocking Blocks

Adobe walls

Adobe walls

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Interlocking soil bricks, pressed without burning
Soil brick making machines for rural people in developing countries